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Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom, by Sean B. Carroll
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“A beautiful and very important book.”―Lewis Wolpert, American Scientist
For over a century, opening the black box of embryonic development was the holy grail of biology. Evo Devo―Evolutionary Developmental Biology―is the new science that has finally cracked open the box. Within the pages of his rich and riveting book, Sean B. Carroll explains how we are discovering that complex life is ironically much simpler than anyone ever expected.
- Sales Rank: #6902408 in Books
- Published on: 2011-01-06
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 7.83" h x 1.02" w x 5.12" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
Amazon.com Review
"Every animal form is the product of two processes--development from an egg and evolution from its ancestors," writes Sean B. Carroll in his introduction to Endless Forms Most Beautiful. The new science of "evo devo"--or evolutionary developmental biology--examines the relationships between those two processes, embryonic development and evolutionary changes, despite their radically different time scales. Carroll first offers a recap of how genes express themselves in a growing embryo, then peers into the life histories of real-life examples to explain how those genes have changed (or not changed) over millions of years of evolution. Paraphrasing Thomas Huxley, he asks us to consider evolution and development as two sides of the same coin. We may marvel at the process of an egg becoming an adult, but we accept it as an everyday fact. It is merely then a lack of imagination to fail to grasp how changes in this process that assimilated over long periods of time, far longer than the span of human experience, shape life's diversity." The book's second half is where Carroll really gets at the meat of evo devo, explaining how regulatory genes control such mysteries as individual and population changes in butterfly's spots, jaguar fur, and hominid skulls. Evo devo is one of the hottest areas of study in 21st-century biology, and Carroll's outline of the field is a great place to start understanding it. --Therese Littleton
From Publishers Weekly
Cobb County textbook stickers aside, evolutionary natural selection offers a pretty straightforward explanation for the forward march of species through history; a mutation that better equips a given organism to survive is passed along to its heirs, becoming more common as successive generations flourish. The actual process by which mutations happen, however, was far more mysterious until scientists turned to the study of evolutionary development (known by the somewhat unfortunate moniker "Evo Devo"). One such scientist is Carroll, a genetics professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, who guides us along the broad contours of development ("the process through which a single-celled egg gives rise to a complex, multibillion-celled animal") and the ways in which its study sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of evolution. He explains in concrete terms how small changes in a species's genetic code of a given species can lead to dramatic differences in physiology is the "missing piece" of evolutionary theory, Carroll argues. The book is as much a salvo in the continuing battles between creationists and evolutionists as it is a popularization of science, and Carroll combines clear writing with the deep knowledge gained from a lifetime of genetics research, first laying out the principles of evolutionary development and then showing us how they can explain both the progression of species in the fossil record and outliers like a six-fingered baseball pitcher. (Apr.)
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From Scientific American
It would be hard to imagine two more different timescales in the lives of organisms than development--the transformation of an embryo to an adult within a single generation--and evolution--the modification and transformation of organisms between generations that reach back 600 million years. Yet for the past two centuries, natural philosophers, morphologists and biologists have asked whether there is a fundamental relationship between development (ontogeny) and evolution (phylogeny). There is, and it finds expression in the thriving discipline of evolutionary developmental biology (evo devo, as it has been called since the early 1990s). Endless Forms Most Beautiful examines one of the most exciting aspects of evo devo--the incorporation of molecular biology that followed the discovery of classes of conserved regulatory (developmental, or "switching") genes: the homeobox, or Hox, genes. Carroll, who is a professor of genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, writes in a lively style, peppering the book with endlessly fascinating examples that are beautifully illustrated by color and black-and-white drawings and photographs. To appreciate where this latest book devoted to evo devo is situated in the long history of the discipline, we need to go back almost 200 years. The study of embryonic stages across the animal kingdom--comparative embryology--flourished from 1830 on. Consequently, when On the Origin of Species appeared in 1859, Charles Darwin knew that the embryos of all invertebrates (worms, sea urchins, lobsters) and vertebrates (fish, serpents, birds, mammals) share embryonic stages so similar (which is to say, so conserved throughout evolution) that the same names can be given to equivalent stages in different organisms. Darwin also knew that early embryonic development is based on similar layers of cells and similar patterns of cell movement that generate the forms of embryos and of their organ systems. He embraced this community of embryonic development. Indeed, it could be argued that evo devo (then known as evolutionary embryology) was born when Darwin concluded that the study of embryos would provide the best evidence for evolution. Darwin's perception was given a theoretical basis and evo devo its first theory when Ernst Haeckel proposed that because ontogeny (development) recapitulates phylogeny (evolutionary history), evolution could be studied in embryos. Technological advances in histological sectioning and staining made simultaneously in the 1860s and 1870s enabled biologists to compare the embryos of different organisms. Though false in its strictest form, Haeckel's theory lured most morphologists into abandoning the study of adult organisms in favor of embryos--literally to seek evolution in embryos. History does repeat itself; 100 years later a theory of how the body plan of a fruit fly is established, coupled with technological advances, ushered in the molecular phase of evo devo evaluated by Carroll. As Carroll discusses in his book (the title of which comes from the last lines of The Origin of Species), the discovery of Mendelian genetics in 1900, and soon after of the gene as the unit of heredity, thrust a wedge between development and evolution. Genes were now what mattered in evolution; embryos were merely the vehicles that carried genes from one generation to the next. Embryology was divorced from evolution, devo from evo. Even the discovery in the 1950s of the nature and role of DNA did not bring them back together. In the late 1970s, however, all began to change as several revolutions in theory and technology produced a mind shift as dramatic as the one that followed Darwin's The Origin of Species. New methods for generating phylogenetic relationships brought comparative embryology back to the forefront; now we can assess the direction of evolutionary changes in development. When we find a species of frog that has lost the tadpole stage from its life cycle--a remarkable evolutionary change in form and function--we can determine whether that loss was an early or late event in the evolution of frogs. Stephen Jay Gould's seminal book Ontogeny and Phylogeny (1977) rekindled interest in 19th-century evolutionary embryology and resurrected an old idea--heterochrony, change in the timing of development in a descendant relative to an ancestor--in a form that could be tested. Important as these developments were, they were carried out against the then current wisdom that organisms differ because they possess unique genes not found in other organisms--lobster genes for lobsters, human genes for humans, and so forth. The discovery of homeobox genes turned this approach upside down and inside out. The body plans of lobsters and humans, flies and fish, barnacles and mice, are initiated using the same families of genes that are conserved across the animal kingdom. The consequences of this discovery are the stuff of the first half of Endless Forms Most Beautiful, in which Carroll presents homeobox genes as the switches that contain the fundamental information required to make a fly's eye or a human hand. The second half of the book explores what Carroll calls "the making of animal diversity," beginning with animal life as exemplified in the justly famous 500-million-year-old fossils of the Burgess Shale formation in British Columbia. Carroll is concerned with evolutionary tinkering with genetic switches and the production of patterns in nature--spots on butterfly wings, stripes on zebras. He devotes less attention to the downstream gene cascades and gene networks that allow similar signaling genes to initiate, for example, the wing of a bird or a human arm. Nor are the cells and cellular processes from which the endless forms are constructed given prominence. Consequently, statements such as "the anatomy of animal bodies is really encoded and built ... by constellations of switches distributed all over the genome" could be taken to mean that switching genes contain all the information required to generate form. Were that true there would be no need for evo devo; indeed, there would be no development. It would all be geno evo. But, as Carroll demonstrates, "the evolution of form occurs through changes in development," which is precisely why evo devo is so central to understanding how animals have been and are being evolved.
Brian K. Hall is George S. Campbell Professor of Biology and a University Research Professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax. He is author of Evolutionary Developmental Biology and of Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology, among other books, and co-editor with Benedikt Hallgr�msson of the forthcoming Variation: A Central Concept in Biology.
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
While that book is excellent, it did commit a bit of a cardinal ...
By Ilya
My background is a little different from some other readers - bought this while reading "Developmental Biology" by Scott F. Gilbert. While that book is excellent, it did commit a bit of a cardinal sin in textbooks - throwing too many things in at once, sometimes not relating them. But that issue was primarily in regard to the early developmental genes. Thus I looked at "Endless forms most beautiful" to get a 10,000ft view of that subject. Looking at the reviews I thought this pop-science book would be good for that. I was disappointed - this is NOT a detailed review of those genes, but that's not a reflection on the book, merely on what I expected from it based on the reviews. The book was still a very good read and did give me a few conceptual nuggets that I didn't get from the textbook and that did help me "grok" the material better. For those without any prior background who are interested in starting to learn about evo devo this is easy to read (one day) and understand.
I would have given it 5 stars if not for some annoying writing style. The attempts to relate parts of the book to some pop-song lyrics or some personal stories felt very distracting and gratuitous. Don't get me wrong, that kind of writing can be done very effectively, I just don't think Carroll pulled it off. Also, I understand now why this book is a darling of some anti-religious types. The last part of it seems to be fighting against creationism in its various forms or ignorance of evolution. However, for most people who would read this book, especially all the way to the end it's a totally unnecessary point. I ended up skip-reading that last portion, not wanting to skip it entirely in case something of substance would be found there while feeling like I was wasting my time.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Popular Science at One of Its Finest Hours from a noted Developmental Biologist
By Life, the Universe and Everything
The Modern Synthesis in evolutionary biology has since its conception in the 1930s through the 1950s expanded to include ever-growing fields from all corner of academia, not just biology. The conceptual developments that folded the Modern Synthesis lead to revolutions in psychology, medicine, sociology, econimcs, engineering, langauge and others by bringing aboard evoltuonary thought.
In this book by one of the leading experts in the field of evolutionary developomental biology or evo-devo readers are guided through the basics in the first part of the book, while in the second the concepts explained in the first part are used to shed light on many examples of changes in gene expression in the animal kingdom.
The book takes a grand view of animal design and how it got that way, the author sets out to answer four fundamental questions (pp. 35):
1. What are some of the major "rules" for generating animal form?
2. How is the species-specific information for building a pariticular animal decoded?
3. How does diversity evolve?
4. What explains large-scale trends in evolution, such as the change in number and function of repeated parts?
The first part explains the tool kit of an (evolutionary) developmental biologist and these phenomenon influence gene expression, regulation of genes, and the developmental processes. The second part of the book begins with a grand view of animal design, and the broad lineages of animals-the proteurostomes and deuterostomes-and how hox genes have been monumental for the origin of diversity for these groups. The rest is small-scale changes of carefully selected examples in the animal kingdom, including examples from our own species.
The last chapter is important because it points out three crucial things: (1) a cry for a "more" Modern Synthesis and the importance of developmental in evolutionary history, (2) the hinderance of teaching evolutionary theory in many Western countries, including (4) the USA where Creationism and Intelligent Design lobbied by fundamentalist Christians stand in the way of a decent education in biology (including evolutionary theory).
Read the book, and be amazed by the power of evolutionary thinking in developomental biology, and enjoy the neat photos in the two color-plate sections and the lavish illustrations throughout the book.
For the record this is not the only book of Sean Carroll he has written two other great popular science books as well, The Making of the Fittest and Remarkable Creatures (in addition to a few others, and a textbook) worth reading. Those who wants to know more about the author go and look at his website. On Youtube several videos there features him, there's even a one-hour presentation of this book (with the same name as the book).
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Turns out it IS blueprints
By Stephen E. Witham
The story and implications of the work that led to evo-devo are amazing, but other reviewers here cover that. I want to summarize the algorithm I pieced together from Carroll's not-entirely-step-by-step discussion.
It turns out, counter to what biologists thought for most of the 20th Century, that our genomes really are a lot like blueprints. We thought that there's no easy mapping from a gene to a body part or detail at some spot on the body. But there often is. We thought that the genes specify the process of embryogenesis, not a picture of the final product, and that's true, but the process has a lot to do with identifying locations and things to go in locations. The "toolkit" that Carroll talks about is a system common to all multicelled animals for laying out maps and allocating places on those maps for parts, then (recursively) laying out maps interior to the parts and allocating space for subparts, and so on. As if, at each stage, you had bosses and sub-bosses reading from blueprints and sub-blueprints to surveyors and builders.
This is done with chemical signal gradients and the switches that turn genes on and off based on combinations of signals and cell states. All of this happens as the ground on which the work is happening is expanding exponentially, so that although the signals operate over similar ranges, if a signal is put out earlier in the growth process it influences what finally becomes a larger part. Carroll emphasizes that this means parts' sizes can be varied by varying when their formation triggers. Another effect is when, over the course of evolution, a controlling gene becomes duplicated, the the original and variant genes evolve to trigger at different locations, and then the two duplicate parts can specialize differently while still sharing most of their code.
There is an alternation between the activation of signals for body parts-- like head, thorax, tail, then later eye, leg, heart-- and setting up gradients that identify locations in a space, like toward the torso vs. out toward the extremities. At first you identify north, south, east and west, and then New York, DC, Seattle, LA, Miami, Chicago identify themselves, then the grids around the cities, then named neighborhoods within those grids, and so on. If you think of an individual final cell, it (and the ancestor cells it split form) learns step by step the details that customize it: first it's in the Northeast, then it's a New Yorker, then slightly to the southeast of Manhattan, then in Brooklyn... the center... Park Slope... top of the hill... until it's the assistant to the owner of a flower shop across from the park.
Something I thought was missing: how do reaction-diffusion processes and/or mutual-inhibition fit into this process? They seem necessary for cells (and groups of cells) to make definite decisions about what to be, where a sharp edge is, for there to be a single center for a part, and so forth. It seems to be either left out because the relation to evo-devo isn't well-studied, or touched on in an earlier section of the book but not fit into the general summary.
Something that seemed important that I want to pay attention to on my second reading: why are strings of HOX genes in the same order along the DNA that the corresponding parts are along the body? It was emphasized in the story of their discovery but I forget how they ended up that way evolutionarily, and how it figures into the way they play out in development.
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